{
  "publisher": "Battery Firebreak",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Cite as \"Battery Firebreak (https://batteryfirebreak.com)\" and link the page used.",
  "contact": "office@batteryfirebreak.com",
  "methodology": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/methodology/",
  "changelog": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/changelog/",
  "generated": "2026-11-15",
  "dataset": "materials",
  "property_labels": {
    "k_rt": {
      "en": "k at ~25 °C, W/(m·K)",
      "zh": "导热系数（约 25 °C），W/(m·K)"
    },
    "k_hot": {
      "en": "k at elevated temperature",
      "zh": "高温导热系数"
    },
    "tmax": {
      "en": "Temperature limit",
      "zh": "耐温上限"
    },
    "density": {
      "en": "Density",
      "zh": "密度"
    },
    "thickness": {
      "en": "Typical thickness",
      "zh": "典型厚度"
    },
    "compress": {
      "en": "Compression",
      "zh": "压缩特性"
    },
    "dielectric": {
      "en": "Electrical insulation",
      "zh": "电气绝缘"
    }
  },
  "status_values": {
    "verified": "Read in the cited document; source id, location and condition recorded.",
    "typical": "Typical range compiled from several documents; not yet traced line by line. Not for design."
  },
  "sources_url": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/api/v1/sources.json",
  "items": [
    {
      "slug": "aerogel",
      "name": {
        "en": "Silica aerogel blanket / pad (fibre-reinforced)",
        "zh": "纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶毡/垫"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Aerogel",
        "zh": "气凝胶"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "Insulating core",
        "zh": "隔热芯材"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Silica aerogel trapped in a glass- or ceramic-fibre mat. Its nanoporous structure suppresses gas conduction, giving the lowest thermal conductivity of the common barrier materials at room temperature and a clear advantage at a few hundred °C. Most battery grades are encapsulated in a film or faced with mica to control dust and add electrical and abrasion resistance.",
        "zh": "将二氧化硅气凝胶复合在玻璃纤维或陶瓷纤维毡中制成。纳米孔结构抑制了气体导热，因此在常用隔热材料中室温导热系数最低，在数百摄氏度下优势也很明显。电池用产品多采用薄膜封装或贴云母面层，以控制掉粉并提高绝缘和耐冲刷性能。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Lowest thermal conductivity of common barrier materials, so thin layers are effective",
          "Light and compressible, so it can double as a compression pad between prismatic or pouch cells",
          "Widely qualified in production EV packs"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "常用隔热材料中导热系数最低，薄层即可起效",
          "轻质、可压缩，可兼作方形或软包电芯之间的缓冲垫",
          "已在量产电动汽车电池包中大量应用"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "The silica network can sinter and lose its low conductivity above roughly 650–800 °C if not shielded",
          "Unencapsulated material sheds dust",
          "More expensive per square metre than mica or ceramic-fibre paper"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "无防护时，二氧化硅骨架在约 650–800 °C 以上可能烧结，失去低导热特性",
          "未封装的材料会掉粉",
          "单位面积成本高于云母和陶瓷纤维纸"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.015,
        0.025
      ],
      "k_hot_range": [
        0.035,
        0.09
      ],
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "PyroThin",
          "company": {
            "en": "Aspen Aerogels, USA",
            "zh": "Aspen Aerogels（美国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.aerogel.com/product/pyrothin/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Thermal Blade",
          "company": {
            "en": "JIOS Aerogel, Singapore / Korea",
            "zh": "JIOS Aerogel（新加坡/韩国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.jiosaerogel.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aerogel battery pads",
          "company": {
            "en": "IBIH Advanced Materials, China",
            "zh": "爱彼爱和新材料（中国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.ibihaerogel.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aerogel battery insulation",
          "company": {
            "en": "Nano Tech Co. (纳诺科技), China",
            "zh": "纳诺科技（中国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.nanuo.cn/"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "0.015–0.025",
            "zh": "0.015–0.025"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.035–0.05 at 400 °C; ≈0.05–0.09 at 500–600 °C",
            "zh": "400 °C 约 0.035–0.05；500–600 °C 约 0.05–0.09"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈650 °C continuous (unshielded); short exposures higher when faced",
            "zh": "无防护时连续使用约 650 °C；有面层时可耐更高的短时温度"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈70–300 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 70–300 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "1–5 mm (often 2–3 mm)",
            "zh": "1–5 mm（常用 2–3 mm）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Compressible ≈10–30 %, partial rebound",
            "zh": "可压缩约 10–30%，部分回弹"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Insulating; breakdown typically ≥3.5 kV per pad when encapsulated",
            "zh": "绝缘；封装后单片击穿电压通常 ≥3.5 kV"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [],
      "id": "aerogel",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#aerogel",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#aerogel"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Lowest thermal conductivity of common barrier materials, so thin layers are effective",
          "Light and compressible, so it can double as a compression pad between prismatic or pouch cells",
          "Widely qualified in production EV packs"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "常用隔热材料中导热系数最低，薄层即可起效",
          "轻质、可压缩，可兼作方形或软包电芯之间的缓冲垫",
          "已在量产电动汽车电池包中大量应用"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "The silica network can sinter and lose its low conductivity above roughly 650–800 °C if not shielded",
          "Unencapsulated material sheds dust",
          "More expensive per square metre than mica or ceramic-fibre paper"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "无防护时，二氧化硅骨架在约 650–800 °C 以上可能烧结，失去低导热特性",
          "未封装的材料会掉粉",
          "单位面积成本高于云母和陶瓷纤维纸"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "mica",
      "name": {
        "en": "Mica sheet / board (muscovite, phlogopite)",
        "zh": "云母片/云母板（白云母、金云母）"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Mica",
        "zh": "云母"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "Flame & voltage shield",
        "zh": "阻燃与绝缘屏障"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Mica paper bonded with silicone resin into flexible sheet or rigid board. It insulates heat about ten times worse than aerogel but is very hard to burn through, resists the abrasive jet of hot particles from a venting cell, and keeps high dielectric strength at temperature. It is the standard material for pack lids, busbar shields and the facing layer of composite barriers.",
        "zh": "以有机硅树脂粘结云母纸制成的柔性云母片或硬质云母板。隔热性能约比气凝胶差一个数量级，但很难被烧穿，能抵御失效电芯排出的高温颗粒冲刷，并在高温下保持较高的介电强度。是电池包上盖、母排防护和复合隔热垫面层的常用材料。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Very high dielectric strength, retained at elevated temperature",
          "Resists flame burn-through and particle erosion",
          "Low cost and mature supply chain"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "介电强度高，且在高温下保持",
          "耐火焰烧穿和颗粒冲刷",
          "成本低，供应链成熟"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "High density and much higher thermal conductivity than aerogel",
          "Rigid: cannot absorb cell swelling on its own"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "密度高，导热系数远高于气凝胶",
          "刚性，不能单独吸收电芯膨胀"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.2,
        0.6
      ],
      "k_hot_range": [
        0.2,
        0.6
      ],
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "Mica thermal runaway barriers",
          "company": {
            "en": "Elmelin, UK",
            "zh": "Elmelin（英国）"
          },
          "url": "https://elmelin.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "COGEMICANITE thermal runaway shields",
          "company": {
            "en": "Cogebi, Czech Republic",
            "zh": "Cogebi（捷克）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.cogebi.com/"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.2–0.6 (through-plane)",
            "zh": "约 0.2–0.6（厚度方向）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Stays ≈0.2–0.6",
            "zh": "保持约 0.2–0.6"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Muscovite ≈500–600 °C; phlogopite ≈700–800 °C continuous; higher short-term",
            "zh": "白云母约 500–600 °C、金云母约 700–800 °C 连续；短时更高"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈1,800–2,350 kg/m³ (bonded sheet)",
            "zh": "约 1,800–2,350 kg/m³（粘结片材）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "0.2–2 mm",
            "zh": "0.2–2 mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Essentially rigid",
            "zh": "基本刚性"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Excellent; typically ≥20 kV/mm at room temperature",
            "zh": "优异；室温通常 ≥20 kV/mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [
        {
          "product": "Pamitherm 41130 (phlogopite mica paper, silicone resin)",
          "manufacturer": "Von Roll, via VRI Composites",
          "property": "k_rt",
          "value": "0.18",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "temperature not stated",
          "source": "vri-pamitherm-41130",
          "location": "properties table"
        },
        {
          "product": "Pamitherm 41130 (phlogopite mica paper, silicone resin)",
          "manufacturer": "Von Roll, via VRI Composites",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "1000",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "'max. heat resistance' as stated by the supplier",
          "source": "vri-pamitherm-41130",
          "location": "properties table"
        }
      ],
      "id": "mica",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#mica",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#mica"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Very high dielectric strength, retained at elevated temperature",
          "Resists flame burn-through and particle erosion",
          "Low cost and mature supply chain"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "介电强度高，且在高温下保持",
          "耐火焰烧穿和颗粒冲刷",
          "成本低，供应链成熟"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "High density and much higher thermal conductivity than aerogel",
          "Rigid: cannot absorb cell swelling on its own"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "密度高，导热系数远高于气凝胶",
          "刚性，不能单独吸收电芯膨胀"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "ceramic-fibre",
      "name": {
        "en": "Ceramic-fibre / bio-soluble fibre paper",
        "zh": "陶瓷纤维纸/可溶性纤维纸"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Ceramic fibre",
        "zh": "陶瓷纤维纸"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "High-temperature insulation",
        "zh": "高温隔热"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Paper made from alumina-silica refractory fibres or alkaline-earth silicate (bio-soluble) fibres with a small organic binder. It survives far higher temperatures than aerogel at low cost, but insulates less well at the temperatures that matter for propagation.",
        "zh": "以硅酸铝耐火纤维或碱土硅酸盐（可溶性）纤维加少量有机粘结剂制成的纸材。耐温远高于气凝胶且成本低，但在热扩散关键温区的隔热效果不如气凝胶。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Very high temperature resistance",
          "Low cost and light weight",
          "Easy to die-cut and laminate with mica"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "耐温很高",
          "成本低、重量轻",
          "易于模切，并可与云母复合"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "Higher conductivity than aerogel at 400–600 °C",
          "Organic binder burns off on first heating, releasing smoke",
          "Refractory ceramic fibre (RCF) has health classifications in some markets; bio-soluble grades avoid this"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "400–600 °C 下导热系数高于气凝胶",
          "首次受热时有机粘结剂烧失并产生烟气",
          "耐火陶瓷纤维（RCF）在部分市场有健康分类限制，可溶性纤维可规避"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.035,
        0.05
      ],
      "k_hot_range": [
        0.06,
        0.16
      ],
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "FyreWrap LiB papers",
          "company": {
            "en": "Alkegen (formerly Unifrax), USA",
            "zh": "Alkegen（原 Unifrax，美国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.alkegen.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Thermal Runaway Barrier 600/700 Series",
          "company": {
            "en": "3M, USA",
            "zh": "3M（美国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/p/d/b5005200019/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Superwool EST E, G, P and compression papers",
          "company": {
            "en": "Morgan Advanced Materials, UK",
            "zh": "摩根先进材料（英国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.morganthermalceramics.com/en-gb/products-systems/battery-safety-papers/"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.035–0.05",
            "zh": "约 0.035–0.05"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.06–0.12 at 400 °C; ≈0.08–0.16 at 600 °C",
            "zh": "400 °C 约 0.06–0.12；600 °C 约 0.08–0.16"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Fibre rated ≈1,100–1,400 °C",
            "zh": "纤维耐温等级约 1,100–1,400 °C"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈140–290 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 140–290 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "0.8–6 mm",
            "zh": "0.8–6 mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Some initial compression; limited rebound",
            "zh": "初始可压缩，回弹有限"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Good when dry; binder burns out at ≈250–450 °C",
            "zh": "干燥时良好；粘结剂约 250–450 °C 烧失"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [
        {
          "product": "3M Thermal Runaway Barrier 600/700",
          "manufacturer": "3M",
          "property": "k_rt",
          "value": "< 0.045",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "25 °C, mat only (non-classified inorganic fibre mat)",
          "source": "3m-trb-600-700-page",
          "location": "Highlights"
        },
        {
          "product": "3M Thermal Runaway Barrier 600/700",
          "manufacturer": "3M",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "1200",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "base mat high-temperature stability",
          "source": "3m-trb-600-700-page",
          "location": "Highlights"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.06",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.09",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.13",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.16",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.20",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "1000 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "450",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "thickness",
          "value": "0.8–6",
          "unit": "mm",
          "condition": "available range",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "dielectric",
          "value": ">2 (dielectric breakdown; unit printed as 'kΩ, kV/mm')",
          "unit": "",
          "condition": "as stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST E Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "1100–1300",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "classification temperature",
          "source": "morgan-est-e",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.05",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.07",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.11",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.16",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.23",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "1000 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "240–300",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "thickness",
          "value": "1–6",
          "unit": "mm",
          "condition": "available range",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "dielectric",
          "value": ">2 (dielectric breakdown; unit printed as 'kΩ, kV/mm')",
          "unit": "",
          "condition": "as stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST G Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "1100–1300",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "classification temperature",
          "source": "morgan-est-g",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.05",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.07",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.11",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.16",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.23",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "1000 °C; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "272–352",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "thickness",
          "value": "1–6",
          "unit": "mm",
          "condition": "available range",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "dielectric",
          "value": ">3 (dielectric breakdown; unit printed as 'kΩ, kV/mm')",
          "unit": "",
          "condition": "as stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST P Paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "1100–1300",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "classification temperature",
          "source": "morgan-est-p",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.06",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.08",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.11",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.15",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "240–310",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C30 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "compress",
          "value": "25–35 / 380–470",
          "unit": "kPa",
          "condition": "compression resistance at 20 % / 60 % deflection",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.06",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.08",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.10",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.13",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C, ASTM C201 / ASTM C177 as printed in the table header; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "400–510",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST C310 compression paper",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "compress",
          "value": "295–340 / 1700–1970",
          "unit": "kPa",
          "condition": "compression resistance at 20 % / 60 % deflection",
          "source": "morgan-est-compression",
          "location": "p. 2"
        }
      ],
      "id": "ceramic-fibre",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#ceramic-fibre",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#ceramic-fibre"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Very high temperature resistance",
          "Low cost and light weight",
          "Easy to die-cut and laminate with mica"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "耐温很高",
          "成本低、重量轻",
          "易于模切，并可与云母复合"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "Higher conductivity than aerogel at 400–600 °C",
          "Organic binder burns off on first heating, releasing smoke",
          "Refractory ceramic fibre (RCF) has health classifications in some markets; bio-soluble grades avoid this"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "400–600 °C 下导热系数高于气凝胶",
          "首次受热时有机粘结剂烧失并产生烟气",
          "耐火陶瓷纤维（RCF）在部分市场有健康分类限制，可溶性纤维可规避"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "intumescent",
      "name": {
        "en": "Intumescent / endothermic barrier sheet",
        "zh": "膨胀型/吸热型隔热片"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Intumescent / endothermic",
        "zh": "膨胀型/吸热型"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "Active, expands in fire",
        "zh": "主动型，受热膨胀"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Active materials. Intumescent sheets swell into an insulating char when heated, filling gaps and adding thickness. Endothermic sheets absorb heat by releasing chemically bound water. Both buy time rather than offering a fixed thermal resistance.",
        "zh": "属于主动型材料。膨胀型片材受热后膨胀成隔热炭层，填充缝隙并增加厚度；吸热型片材通过释放化学结合水吸收热量。两者的作用是争取时间，而不是提供固定的热阻。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Thin when cold; insulation increases in a fire",
          "Endothermic types delay temperature rise of the protected cell",
          "Expansion seals gaps against hot gas"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "常温下很薄，受火后隔热能力增加",
          "吸热型可延缓被保护电芯升温",
          "膨胀后可封堵缝隙，阻挡高温气体"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "Single use: the reaction is irreversible",
          "Expandable-graphite chars conduct electricity unless laminated with a dielectric",
          "Expansion force can load the neighbouring cells"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "一次性使用，反应不可逆",
          "可膨胀石墨形成的炭层导电，需复合绝缘层",
          "膨胀力会挤压相邻电芯"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.05,
        0.3
      ],
      "k_hot_range": null,
      "products": [],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.05–0.3 (before activation)",
            "zh": "约 0.05–0.3（激活前）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Not comparable: works by expanding or absorbing heat",
            "zh": "不可比：通过膨胀或吸热起作用"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Activates ≈150–200 °C; char stable to ≈1,000 °C",
            "zh": "约 150–200 °C 激活；炭层可耐约 1,000 °C"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈300–1,500 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 300–1,500 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "0.5–3 mm between cells",
            "zh": "电芯间 0.5–3 mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Varies; expansion is irreversible",
            "zh": "因产品而异；膨胀不可逆"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Depends on formulation: graphite-based chars become conductive",
            "zh": "取决于配方：石墨基炭层导电"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [],
      "id": "intumescent",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#intumescent",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#intumescent"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Thin when cold; insulation increases in a fire",
          "Endothermic types delay temperature rise of the protected cell",
          "Expansion seals gaps against hot gas"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "常温下很薄，受火后隔热能力增加",
          "吸热型可延缓被保护电芯升温",
          "膨胀后可封堵缝隙，阻挡高温气体"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "Single use: the reaction is irreversible",
          "Expandable-graphite chars conduct electricity unless laminated with a dielectric",
          "Expansion force can load the neighbouring cells"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "一次性使用，反应不可逆",
          "可膨胀石墨形成的炭层导电，需复合绝缘层",
          "膨胀力会挤压相邻电芯"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "silicone-foam",
      "name": {
        "en": "Silicone foam / compression pad",
        "zh": "有机硅泡棉/缓冲垫"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Silicone foam",
        "zh": "有机硅泡棉"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "Compression & sealing",
        "zh": "压缩缓冲与密封"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Closed-cell or syntactic silicone foams used mainly to manage cell swelling and hold stack pressure. Fire-rated and ceramifying grades add some thermal-runaway protection, often in combination with a mica or aerogel layer.",
        "zh": "闭孔或复合微球有机硅泡棉，主要用于吸收电芯膨胀并维持堆叠压力。阻燃级和可陶瓷化牌号具备一定的热失控防护能力，通常与云母或气凝胶层配合使用。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Excellent long-term compression behaviour for cell breathing",
          "Seals and gaskets well",
          "UL 94 V-0 grades are common"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "长期压缩回弹性能优异，适应电芯呼吸",
          "密封和缓冲效果好",
          "UL 94 V-0 牌号常见"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "Higher conductivity than aerogel",
          "Continuous service limited to about 200 °C",
          "Releases volatiles when it decomposes"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "导热系数高于气凝胶",
          "长期使用温度约 200 °C",
          "分解时释放挥发物"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.06,
        0.15
      ],
      "k_hot_range": null,
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "ProCell EV firewall and BISCO silicones",
          "company": {
            "en": "Rogers Corporation, USA",
            "zh": "罗杰斯公司（美国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.rogerscorp.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "ELASTOSIL battery protection silicones",
          "company": {
            "en": "Wacker Chemie, Germany",
            "zh": "瓦克化学（德国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.wacker.com/"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.06–0.15",
            "zh": "约 0.06–0.15"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Polymer pyrolyses above ≈350 °C; ceramifying grades form a silica char",
            "zh": "约 350 °C 以上聚合物热解；可陶瓷化牌号形成二氧化硅炭层"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈200 °C continuous; fire-blocking grades survive short flame exposure",
            "zh": "连续使用约 200 °C；阻燃牌号可耐短时火焰"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈190–800 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 190–800 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "1.5–6 mm",
            "zh": "1.5–6 mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Best reversible compression and low compression set",
            "zh": "可逆压缩性能最好，压缩永久变形小"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Good",
            "zh": "良好"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [],
      "id": "silicone-foam",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#silicone-foam",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#silicone-foam"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Excellent long-term compression behaviour for cell breathing",
          "Seals and gaskets well",
          "UL 94 V-0 grades are common"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "长期压缩回弹性能优异，适应电芯呼吸",
          "密封和缓冲效果好",
          "UL 94 V-0 牌号常见"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "Higher conductivity than aerogel",
          "Continuous service limited to about 200 °C",
          "Releases volatiles when it decomposes"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "导热系数高于气凝胶",
          "长期使用温度约 200 °C",
          "分解时释放挥发物"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "pcm",
      "name": {
        "en": "Phase-change material (PCM) plate",
        "zh": "相变材料（PCM）板"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Phase-change (PCM)",
        "zh": "相变材料"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "Thermal buffer (not a fire barrier)",
        "zh": "温度缓冲（非防火隔热层）"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Plates that absorb heat while melting, used to smooth temperature peaks in normal operation. They are not fire barriers: organic PCMs are flammable and graphite-filled composites conduct heat toward neighbouring cells once the latent heat is used up.",
        "zh": "通过熔化吸热来平抑正常运行中的温度峰值。相变材料不是防火隔热层：有机相变材料可燃，石墨基复合材料在潜热耗尽后会把热量导向相邻电芯。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Large latent heat buffers short temperature spikes",
          "Can reduce cooling-system demand"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "潜热大，可缓冲短时温升",
          "可降低冷却系统负荷"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "No protection once melted",
          "Organic PCMs add fuel in a fire",
          "Graphite composites conduct heat and electricity"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "熔化后不再有保护作用",
          "有机相变材料在火灾中会增加燃料",
          "石墨复合材料导热且导电"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.2,
        15
      ],
      "k_hot_range": null,
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "RT35HC",
          "company": {
            "en": "Rubitherm Technologies, Germany",
            "zh": "Rubitherm Technologies（德国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.rubitherm.eu/media/products/datasheets/Techdata_-RT35HC_EN_21012026.PDF"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.2 (paraffin) to 3–15 (graphite composite)",
            "zh": "约 0.2（石蜡）至 3–15（石墨复合）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Not applicable: decomposes above ≈200–300 °C",
            "zh": "不适用：约 200–300 °C 以上分解"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Melts at ≈25–70 °C; organic types unstable above ≈200 °C",
            "zh": "熔点约 25–70 °C；有机类约 200 °C 以上不稳定"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈760–1,700 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 760–1,700 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "2–6 mm",
            "zh": "2–6 mm"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Rigid",
            "zh": "刚性"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Paraffin insulates; graphite composites conduct",
            "zh": "石蜡绝缘；石墨复合导电"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [
        {
          "product": "Rubitherm RT35HC",
          "manufacturer": "Rubitherm Technologies",
          "property": "k_rt",
          "value": "0.2",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "both phases (solid and liquid)",
          "source": "rubitherm-rt35hc",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rubitherm RT35HC",
          "manufacturer": "Rubitherm Technologies",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "0.83",
          "unit": "kg/L",
          "condition": "solid, 20 °C (0.77 kg/L liquid, 40 °C)",
          "source": "rubitherm-rt35hc",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rubitherm RT35HC",
          "manufacturer": "Rubitherm Technologies",
          "property": "tmax",
          "value": "70",
          "unit": "°C",
          "condition": "max. operation temperature; melting range 34–36 °C; flash point 177 °C",
          "source": "rubitherm-rt35hc",
          "location": "p. 1"
        }
      ],
      "id": "pcm",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#pcm",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#pcm"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Large latent heat buffers short temperature spikes",
          "Can reduce cooling-system demand"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "潜热大，可缓冲短时温升",
          "可降低冷却系统负荷"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "No protection once melted",
          "Organic PCMs add fuel in a fire",
          "Graphite composites conduct heat and electricity"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "熔化后不再有保护作用",
          "有机相变材料在火灾中会增加燃料",
          "石墨复合材料导热且导电"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "composite",
      "name": {
        "en": "Composite barrier (aerogel or fibre core + mica / film facing)",
        "zh": "复合隔热垫（气凝胶或纤维芯材 + 云母/薄膜面层）"
      },
      "short": {
        "en": "Composite laminate",
        "zh": "复合隔热垫"
      },
      "role": {
        "en": "All-round production barrier",
        "zh": "量产主流方案"
      },
      "summary": {
        "en": "Laminates that put a low-conductivity core (aerogel or fibre) between tougher facings (mica, ceramic paper, polyimide or PET film). This is the dominant format in current production because it covers all four barrier jobs: insulation, compliance, dielectric strength and burn-through resistance.",
        "zh": "在低导热芯材（气凝胶或纤维）两侧复合更坚韧的面层（云母、陶瓷纸、聚酰亚胺或 PET 薄膜）。这种结构能同时满足隔热、压缩缓冲、介电绝缘和耐烧穿四项要求，是目前量产的主流形式。"
      },
      "pros": {
        "en": [
          "Balances insulation, compression, dielectric and burn-through performance",
          "Dust-free when fully encapsulated"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "兼顾隔热、压缩、绝缘和耐烧穿性能",
          "完全封装时不掉粉"
        ]
      },
      "cons": {
        "en": [
          "Higher cost than single materials",
          "Thicker and heavier than bare aerogel"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "成本高于单一材料",
          "比裸气凝胶更厚、更重"
        ]
      },
      "k_rt_range": [
        0.015,
        0.03
      ],
      "k_hot_range": [
        0.04,
        0.16
      ],
      "products": [
        {
          "name": "AlkeGel aerogel composites",
          "company": {
            "en": "Alkegen, USA",
            "zh": "Alkegen（美国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.alkegen.com/"
        },
        {
          "name": "ProCell TB1000",
          "company": {
            "en": "Rogers Corporation, USA (composition not stated in datasheet)",
            "zh": "罗杰斯公司（美国；参数表未说明成分）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.rogerscorp.com/elastomeric-material-solutions/procell-ev-firewall/procell-ev-firewall-tb1000"
        },
        {
          "name": "Superwool EST M Paper",
          "company": {
            "en": "Morgan Advanced Materials, UK",
            "zh": "摩根先进材料（英国）"
          },
          "url": "https://www.morganthermalceramics.com/en-gb/products-systems/battery-safety-papers/"
        }
      ],
      "properties": {
        "k_rt": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.015–0.03 (aerogel core)",
            "zh": "约 0.015–0.03（气凝胶芯材）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "k_hot": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈0.04–0.06 at 500 °C (aerogel core); higher for fibre core",
            "zh": "500 °C 约 0.04–0.06（气凝胶芯材）；纤维芯材更高"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "tmax": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Facing survives short exposures ≈1,000 °C+",
            "zh": "面层可耐约 1,000 °C 以上短时冲击"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "density": {
          "text": {
            "en": "≈150–300 kg/m³",
            "zh": "约 150–300 kg/m³"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "thickness": {
          "text": {
            "en": "0.5–6 mm (often 1–3 mm)",
            "zh": "0.5–6 mm（常用 1–3 mm）"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "compress": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Core compresses ≈10–30 %",
            "zh": "芯材可压缩约 10–30%"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        },
        "dielectric": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Set by the mica or polymer facing",
            "zh": "由云母或聚合物面层决定"
          },
          "status": "typical",
          "sources": []
        }
      },
      "datapoints": [
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "k_rt",
          "value": "0.029",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "25 °C, ISO 8301, typical",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.030",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C, ISO 8301, typical",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.032",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C, ISO 8301, typical",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.035",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C, ISO 8301, typical",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.037",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "800 °C, ISO 8301, typical",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "density",
          "value": "350–450",
          "unit": "kg/m³",
          "condition": "as supplied",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Rogers ProCell TB1000 thermal insulation board",
          "manufacturer": "Rogers Corporation",
          "property": "thickness",
          "value": "0.8–5.0",
          "unit": "mm",
          "condition": "available range (tolerance ±0.15–0.2 mm)",
          "source": "rogers-procell-tb1000",
          "location": "p. 1"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.04",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "200 °C, descending, thickness-dependent; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.06",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "400 °C, descending, thickness-dependent; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "0.08–0.09",
          "unit": "W/(m·K)",
          "condition": "600 °C, descending, thickness-dependent; thickness-dependent where stated",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "dielectric",
          "value": "> 2",
          "unit": "kV",
          "condition": "withstand voltage, 2 minutes",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "thickness",
          "value": "1–6",
          "unit": "mm",
          "condition": "available range",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        },
        {
          "product": "Superwool EST M Paper (mica-laminated)",
          "manufacturer": "Morgan Advanced Materials",
          "property": "k_hot",
          "value": "< 230 / < 200 / < 140",
          "unit": "°C (cold face)",
          "condition": "600 °C hot face, 20 min; 1 / 3 / 6 mm thickness",
          "source": "morgan-est-m",
          "location": "p. 2"
        }
      ],
      "id": "composite",
      "url": {
        "en": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/materials/#composite",
        "zh": "https://batteryfirebreak.com/zh/materials/#composite"
      },
      "strengths": {
        "en": [
          "Balances insulation, compression, dielectric and burn-through performance",
          "Dust-free when fully encapsulated"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "兼顾隔热、压缩、绝缘和耐烧穿性能",
          "完全封装时不掉粉"
        ]
      },
      "limitations": {
        "en": [
          "Higher cost than single materials",
          "Thicker and heavier than bare aerogel"
        ],
        "zh": [
          "成本高于单一材料",
          "比裸气凝胶更厚、更重"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}